Trace Foundation - Programs in Culture - Latse Contemporary Tibetan Cultural Library

+1m#=-"}

+{-9$-;-P{-+{$-:0=-0}+-<m-:m#-#bo$-+.{-14~+-"$-6{=-A-0-8+m-,m-\o,-/,-*{0=-P-3~#=-.8m-;=-#6m8m-,$-3,-6m#-
%{k 0}+-<m-:m#-#bo$-;-+},-#({:-%,-\o,->m=-:m#-.8m-#,=-1-;v=-.:-8Hm-P+-<m-+}-:-6m#-#} +.{-14~+-"$-
8+m=-;=-8&:-'-1$-+},-80{0=-A{+-.-+$-13u$=-=vk &{=-#=:-`o-*},-.-+.{-+{0-+$-k Wv+-;1-'-3~#=-=v-
*},-.8m-#,=-3u;k +{-06m,-!+-9m#-#6,-`o-#,$-.8m-6m0-8'v#-#m-Wv-&-%{k W-&{-;-'-84~1=-.8m-0}+-<m-:m#-
#bo$-#m-K{,-`o->o:-08m-+.{-3~#=-+1m#=-0=;-%,-6m#-+},-#({:-%,-\o,->m-]}+-9v;-`o-80v;-06m,-.-9m,k +.{-
14~+-"$-8+m-,m-+{$-:0=-0}+-<m-:m#-#bo$-6m0-8'v#-#m-W{-#,=-8Ds#-&-X,-.-6m#-9m,-%m$-k +.{-14~+-"$-8+m=-
1m-M1=-<m=-/,-3u,-Wv=-;},k /,-3u,-^}$-:{=-A{+-=-+$k W-0-8H-1m,->m=-/,-3u,-#}-0&q:-A{+-=-6m#-`u,-
06m,-9}+k $-3~=-#$=-%,-0}+-<m-:m#-#bo$-+$-+{=-841-Qm$-#m-Wv,-8'#=-:m#-#boo$-;-;{#=-[{=-%m-21-/v;-
0-;-#}-0-#)m$-70-+$-1}=-8`o,-W-&{:-({;-&{+k ]m-3~#=-:m#-#,=-.-+$-k \w-P;-.k 3,-:m#-+},-#({:-%,-
0%=-;-:1-8+{#=-bo-Wv-9m,k ;-P{8m-!}:-#,=-3u;-1$-21-1={,-8+}+-M1=-<m=- www.latse.org ;-#7m#=-
:}#=-#,$-k

]m-0<+-+$-W=-0<+k

;-P{-9m=-+{$-:0=-0}+-<m-Ap$-:m1->m-9m#-3#=-#=}#-(:-A{+-Wv-+$-k +{$-:0=-0}+-<m-/v,-=v1-3~#=-.8m-:m#-
#bo$-+$-+{8m-+.{-:m=-1$},-.:-%},-Wvv-0%=-+1m#=-80{,-`o-07v$-9}+k Cs$-#}8m-"}$=-,-#,=-.8m-0}+-1m-
#2n#=-=v-07v$-%{k +1m#=-0=;->m-"}-,=-+{$-:0=-0}+-<m-:m#-#bo$-+$-\w-P;-'m-1-'m-06m,-`o-1$},-&{+-$-3~8m-'-
84~1=-<m-+.{-3~#=-8+m-0am#=-9}+k 8+m-,m-#,=-:m1-1*}-08m-13,-(m+-:m#-.-+$-k &}=-;v#=k +{$-:0=-
#},->m-;}-Wv=k !+-9m#-0%=-<m-1"=-.8m-;=-;-1*v,-V{,-^:-+$-^}:-06m,-.8m-:m#-#bo$-&{-3,-#6,-.-+#-#m-
"-!}$-W-0v-6m#-9m,k ;-P{-9m=-:m#-#bo$-&{-3,-#6,-.-+$-[,-`o-Q}#-;1-9m#-14~+-1(1-({;-1(1-]}+-+$-k
]m-3~#=-;-:m#-#bo$-;=-8]o;-'-1$-1(1-({;-A{+-.-0Wv+-,=-Wv-&-]}+-"}-+$-/,-3u,-0I{-:{=-<m-#}-!0=-W-
&{:-8A{+-06m,-9}+k $-3~8m-60=-bo-bo-9v;-,m-'-1$-9m,-){k ]m-3~#=-%{$-#m-Am=-.-+$-k =m1-1m-3u,-&+-,=-
W;-]m8m-%{$-#m-1"=-.-+$-6m0-8'v#-.k \w-P;-.k 0=1-R}-.-0%=-<m-0:-9m,k

;-P{-+.{-14~+-"$-,=-[-0}8m-:m#-#bo$-,m-6m0-8'v#-A-9v;-+$-9m#-14~+-0=#-A8m-=-0%+-#;-&{,-6m#-_p-$}=-84n,-
A{+-<m-9}+k 0}+-<m-[-0}8m-:m#-#bo$-,m-Wv,-`o-1$},-3,-&u$-%{-({-&:-0:-`o-+{-;-+}-'$-&{,-.}-9}$-#m-1{+k ;-P{-9m=-
+{$-:0=-0}+-<m-6m0-8'v#-;-+},-#({:-%,-1$-8/{;->m-3~+-+.#-#m=k +.{-3~#=-0{+-]}+-<m-"}-W-&{:-8A{+-.-+$-k
:m#-#bo$-#m-;=-:m1-({;-0k :m#-#bo$-#m-#=v$-0<+-+$-0E}-Q{$-({;-0k +.{-14~+-"$-:$-`o-Wv+-;1-'-
3~#=-<m-9}-&=-+$-Q}#-;1-9m#-14~+-({:-au0-A=-,=k 6m0-8'v#-A-9v;-W-[{+-A{+-Wv8m-*+-;-F$-8#,-6m#-
8"v:-9}+k +{-06m,-;-P{-9m=-0}+-<m-:m#-#bo$-;-#}-W-0[{+-&{+-1m-:m#=-#6,-.-%{k W-,# =}#-.}k >}:k 7-
;:k 1,-'vk 8Ks#-.-W-0v-=}#=-<m-:m#-#bo$-#m-9m#-:m#=-Wv-&-9$-#=}#-(:-A{+-06m,-9}+k

;-P{-+.{-14~+-"$-,=-9m-#{8m-+.{-3~#=-<m-":k a-+$-#7v#=-0J,-`o-/0-.8m-Wv-&-80}:-&{,-6m#-<$-]m-3~#=-<m
-]}+-9v;-`o-80v;->m-9}+k 0}+-<m-:m#-#bo$-+{-9m-#{:-P}#-Wv-9}+-.-21-`o-1-7+k a-:v-(,-Wv-+$-#7v#=-=v-0W-Wv-
9}+-.-6m#-A{+-&{+k ;-P{-+.{-14~+-"$-#m=-a-+$-#7v#=-0J,-`o-/0-.8m-Wv-&-M1=-Cs$-#}-+$-W;-]m8m-"}$=-,=-
%m-*},-83~;-&q+-A{+-06m,-9}+k 0=#=-14~+-8+m=-+{$-:0=-<m-0}+-.-M1=-<m=-:$-#m-:m#-#bo$-+{-Q{#=-01->m-
W-;=-E};-){-1m-*}#-8+m-+$-1m-:0=-I{=-1-M1=-;-;{#=-[{=-%m-21-8'}#-*v0-.:->o:-0-80v:-*},->m=-0%,-9}+k
;-P{-,m-0}+-.-M1=-<m=-:$-#m-Wv,-8'#=-:m#-#bo$-07$-.}-+{8m-=+-9},-1$},-=-+$-k :$-#m-:m#-#bo$-;-1}=-
8`o,-1(1-:};-A{+-.k :$-#m-:m#-#bo$-+$-]m-3~#=-<m-N};-Wv,k @m8m-"}:-9v#-0%=-;-Wv=-;},-'{-;{#=-=v-
#)}$-#,=-<m#-0%=-9m,k

Cs$-#}-,-9}+-.8m-0}+-.-M1=-ao0-@}#=-W;-"0-+#-;-#7m#=-!}:-`o-/{0=-.-'{-1$-`o-8E}-06m,-.-+$-13u$=-=vk
:$-#m-1$},-=v1->m-B}$-08m-*}#-,=-@m-:};->m-8'm#-K{,-;-<{=-K}#=-A{+-.-+$-k :$-#m-<{=-9},-+$-(1=-B}$-
0%=-#6,-;-<{=-=v-8'v#-.8m-#}-!0=-'{-&{:-8E}-06m,-9}+k ;-P{-,=-@}#=-/{0=-1"=-.-M1=-;-W;-]m8m-%{$-
#m-1"=-.-M1=-+$-[,-`o-+},-$m$-%,->m-Q{$-1};-Wv,-1*v+-`o-9}$-*0=-+$-k W;-]m8m-]m-3~#=-<m-3~#=-1m8m-
E=-=v-1m$-21-1-9m,-.:-+$}=-bo#=-A{+-.-0%=-<m-*0=-;1-$}-c}+-bo-Wv-9m,k Cs$-#}8m-,$-"}$=-=v-+.{-`u,-
A=-.8m-W-9m#-+$-0}+-9m#-+.{-+{0-M1=-Cs$-#}8m-@m-;}#=-=v-<{=-K}#=-&u$-0-+$k +{-06m,-`o-Cs$-#}8m-@m-;}#=-=v
-*},-.8m-6m0-8'v#-#m-#,=-3u;-+#-+$-+{8m-Wv-&-M1=-Cs$-#}8m-,$-;}#=-=v-<{=-K}#=->-%$-&u$-0:-1$},k ;-P{-
9m=-6m0-8'v#-Wv-&-8+m-+#-0{+-]}+-<m-"}-W-&{:-8A{+-.8m-;=-8]o;-({;-0-+$-Q}#-;1->m-9m#-14~+-]}+-.8m-({:-
1"}8m-9}-&=-`u,-.-=}#=-0Wv+-,=-P}#-.-.}-W-&{:-8]o#-*0=-A{+-+}k

;-P{-+.{-14~+-"$-,=-1"=-.-+$-k #=:-0)}+k U}0-#=}-0%=-<m-:$-06m,-X,-.8m-;=-+},-+$-k +{-06m,-
&{+-;=-<m-A-06#-0%=-;-0Pm-1*}$-+$-W0-[}:-A{+-#,=-<m#-`u,-.:-A{+k ;-P{-,m-0!#-W-%m-9$-1{+-.:-:m#-
#bo$-#m-#,+-#$-;8$--8Hm-P+-A{+-=-6m#-+$-k 0=1-R}-8H-1m,-+$-k #=:-K}#=-8H-1m,k 06{+-;v#=-8H-
1m,-;-#7v:-#,=-<m-R}-9m=-K}#-+?}+-A{+-=-+$-+{-9$-1m-3$-1=-<{=-K}#=-A{+-=-6m#-9m,k $-3~8m-+.{-3~#=-<m=-
:m#-.8m-&{-3,->m-=-131=-;=-0G;-){-0}+-<m-:m#-#bo$-#m-'-1$-:$-06m,-+$-+{-+#-/,-3u,-0:->m-8K{;-0-<{=-
K}#=-({;-06m,-9}+k 1+}:-,k $-3~8m-+1m#=-9v;-,m-#:-;=-<$-0}+-<m-:m#-#bo$-;-<{=-K}#=-%,->m-]m-3~#=-
<m#-%{k *v,-1}$-1-9m,-.8m-0}+-<m-:m#-#bo$-#m-;{#=-[{=-<m=-Wv+-!q;-+$-={1=-%}0=-*}0-.-+$-k +{-;-0K{,-
,=-841-Qm$-#m-/v,-=v1-3~#=-.8m-Wv,-8'#=-:m#-#,=-;-#}-0-#)m$-70-+$-]o=-1*}$-%,->m-]m-3~#=-<m#-0`u,-
&{+-9m,k

8+m:-9}+-+.{-3~#=-+$-;=-8&:k

8+m-#8m-+1m#=-9v;-){k 0}+-<m-Wv,-8'#=-:m#-#bo$-+{-1*}$-&}=-=v-9}+-.-6m#-_p-8>o:-U+k ;-P{-+.{-14~+-
"$-,=-#)m$-70-3+-+$-W-&{-3+-#(m=-!-,=-+1m#=-0=;-%,->m-+.{-3~#=-<m#-#=}#-(:-A{+-06m,-9}+k $-
3~=-+1m#=-0!:->m=-9v;-"1=-<m#-#,+-`o-07v$-9}+-%0=k 9v;-"1=-+{8m-,$-#m-+.{-+!},-Km=-1-+$-k <m$-
.:-1k `o=-+{0-+$-3#=-.:k 8H-.:k ]m,-<}# :m-1}k 831-8Jm,-d#-<}# =-Dk a-+$-#7v#=-0J,-
`o-/0-.8m-Wv-&k :m#-.8m-P{+-&=k Q}#-P+-<m-1({,-&=k U}0-+{0-+$-Dm+-+{0-0%=-=0-&{-08m-6m0-8'v#-#m-Wv-&-
M1=-P}#-.-.}-:m=-1{+-<m]}+-9v;-`o-80v;-06m,-9}+k $-3~8m-+.{-3~#=-8+m-#2~-0}-!+-9m#-#=v1-%{k 0}+-9m#-+$-k
W-9m# +Am,-9m#-0%=-#=v1->m-%{$-,-9}+k +-`oo$-$-3~=-8K{;-9}+-<m-!+-9m#-#6,-.-%{k =}#-!+-+$-k >}:
-!+k W-#:-!+k 8':-.,->m-!+k 9}-:}0-<m-!+-9m#-8H-1m,-0%=-<m-Wv-&-9$-Rt-8H{,-A{+-<m-9}+k   +{-06m,-
$-3~=-Cs$-#}:-*},-.-#2~-0}:->o:-08m-+.{-+{0-#=:-*},->mm-+!:-&#-8H-1m,-U}$-au0-A{+-06m,-9}+-.-+$-k   [#-
.:-`o-8+=-.8m-;}-$}-(m-co-[#-#m-:m$-;-Cs$-#}8m-"}$=-<m-+.{-`u,-"$-=}-=}=-+.{-`u,-A=-.8m-E$=-80}:-&{,-.}8m-+.{-
+{0-M1=-$-3~=-(}-au0-A{+-*v0-.:->o:k $-3~=-841-Qm$-%{$-`o-0}+-<m-:m#-#bo$-+$-8K{;-08m-9m#-:m#=-#=:-
<}=-<m-+.{-3~#=-<m#-0&q-:v0-A{+-Wv-+1m#=-80{,-`o-07v$-9}+k

;-P{-+{$-:0=-0}+-<m-:m#-#bo$-+.{-14~+-"$-`o-+.{-+{0-<m-E$=- 10000 [#-+$-k `o=-+{0-+$-3#=-.:-
3:-E$=- 10000 21-9}+k   8+m:-0bo#=-+.{-+{0-<m-"}$=-=v-&{=-({-08m-&:-.:-`o-0`u,-.8m-0}+-<m-,$-&}=-+$-
8K{;-08m-:m-1}8m-<{=-14~+-&{,-1}-+.{:-,k 8'm#=-1{+-&}=-<m-L}-I{=-0am#=-.8m-0}+-Wv+-,$-0%,-[-3~#=-&{,-1}-
=}#=-+$-k +.{-&8m-"}$=-=v-+-0:-W-,#-#m-@m-@}#=-=v-`o=-({-&:-0:-`o-*}0-+!8-08m&{-<}=-:m,-.}-&{-A$-&u0-
0%,-.8m-a},-1{-8m-#=v$-80v1-W-0v-9}+k `o=-+{0-<m-"}$=-=v-6m0-8'v#-#m-`o=-+{0-0}+-V}$=-6m0-8'v#-+$-Cs$-
#}8m-0}+-<m-<{=-:m#-=}#=-&-3$-0-9}+k +{-06m,-P}1-:m#-#m-"}$=-=v--[-=-,=-*},-.8m-0}+-<m-P}1-:m#-\w-P;-+$-k
+1$=-D}+-P}1-:m#-#m-"}$=-=v-13~-#},-7m-;m$-,=-*},-.8m-13~-#},-1$-3~#=-\w-P;-&-3$-k 3#=-.:-;-13~,-
,k 1949 ;}-,=- 2000 ;}-0:->-mW-9m#-#m-13~-#},-(m,-:{8m-#=:-8>o:- (青海日报)&-3$-=}#=-9}+k
8+m-#-+.{-14~+-"$-`o-`o=-+{0-+$-3#=-.:-&-3$-0-+$-1m-3$-0-:m#=-1m-8H-0- 150 [#-0bo#=-9}+k +{8m-
"}$=-,=-+1m#=-0!:->m=-+}-'$-A{+-8}=-.-6m#-,mk 1920 P-E$=-;}:-W-#:-!-;},-)t#-_p-*:-@m,-)-)t-
;#=-<m=-8#}-84v#=-#,$-08m-9v;-@}#=-=}-=}8m-#=:-8>o:-1{-;}$-6{=-.-+{-9m,k 3#=-.:-+{-,m-Cs$-#}8m-#m-
@m-;}#=-=v-+.:-`o-0`u,-.8m-0}+-9m#-#m-3#=-.:-*}#-1-+{-9m,-6m$-k 3#=-.:-+{8m-,$-$,-E#=-%,->m-1"=-
+0$-+#{-8`o,-&}=-8/{;-;#=-<m-V#=-P}1-"-<=-<$-*},-9}+k

8+m:-0bo#=-+.{-+{0-<m-"}$=-=v-W-1m-:m#=-<m=-0}+-<m-!}:-;-Km=-.8m#=v$-P}1-9$-E$=-1$-9}+-+{k +.{:-,k
38}-!$-(曹刚)#m=-Km=-.8m-A$-*$-#m-+]o,-`o=-(藏北的冬季)=}#=-9}+k #=v$-P}1-+{8m-,$-`o-0}+-<m-A$-
8K}#-M1=-<m-1m-3|-[{;-%$=-+$-"}$-3~8m-9v;-#}1=-#<m=-;v#=-=}#=-0}+-.-1-9m,-.-6m#-#m-1*}$-3u;-6m0-W=-
=v-#=;-9}+-k +{-06m,-8+m-#-+.{-14~+-"$-`o-ao0-@}#=-=v-.:-`o-0)0-.8m-.:-*{$=-+$-.}8m-+.{-+{0-+!},-E=-
+$-k ;}-:0=-T-0%t-+$-Hs#-%t8m-,$-;-.:-`o-0`u,-%m$-+{$-=$-Rt-Wv-1{+-.8m-0}+-9m#-#m-+.{-+{0-E$=-1$-k
#-0}8m-`o=-=v-ao0-@}#=-.8m-&}=-;v#=-({;-1",-+$-k W;-"1=-.k Nm+-+},-#({:-1",-M1=-<m=-0}+-`o-
Km=-.8m-;1-9m#-+$-(m,-*}-=}#=-9}+k 1911;}:-0P1=-.8m-&m,-W;-:0=-<m-+1#-+.},-6m#-#m-;1->m-
B$=-*}8m-(艽野尘梦),$-`ok !0=-+{:-&m,-W;-:0=-<m-+0$-%}0=-<}:-08m-V{,->m=-[-=:-9}+-.8m&m,->m-+1#-
1m-E$=-


		;-P{-+{$-:0=-0}+-<m-:m#-#bo$-+.{-14~+-"$-k

		+1m#=-"} +{-9$-;-P{-+{$-:0=-0}+-<m-:m#-#bo$-+.{-14~+-"$-6{=-A-0-8+m-,m-\o,-/,-{0=-P-3~#=-.8m-;=-#6m8m-,$-3,-6m#- %{k 0}+-<m-:m#-#bo$-;-+},-#({:-%,-\o,->m=-:m#-.8m-#,=-1-;v=-.:-8Hm-P+-<m-+}-:-6m#-#} +.{-14~+-"$- 8+m=-;=-8&:-'-1$-+},-80{0=-A{+-.-+$-13u$=-=vk &{=-#=:-`o-},-.-+.{-+{0-+$-k Wv+-;1-'-3~#=-=v- },-.8m-#,=-3u;k +{-06m,-!+-9m#-#6,-`o-#,$-.8m-6m0-8'v#-#m-Wv-&-%{k W-&{-;-'-84~1=-.8m-0}+-<m-:m#- #bo$-#m-K{,-`o->o:-08m-+.{-3~#=-+1m#=-0=;-%,-6m#-+},-#({:-%,-\o,->m-]}+-9v;-`o-80v;-06m,-.-9m,k +.{- 14~+-"$-8+m-,m-+{$-:0=-0}+-<m-:m#-#bo$-6m0-8'v#-#m-W{-#,=-8Ds#-&-X,-.-6m#-9m,-%m$-k +.{-14~+-"$-8+m=- 1m-M1=-<m=-/,-3u,-Wv=-;},k /,-3u,-^}$-:{=-A{+-=-+$k W-0-8H-1m,->m=-/,-3u,-#}-0&q:-A{+-=-6m#-`u,- 06m,-9}+k $-3~=-#$=-%,-0}+-<m-:m#-#bo$-+$-+{=-841-Qm$-#m-Wv,-8'#=-:m#-#boo$-;-;{#=-[{=-%m-21-/v;- 0-;-#}-0-#)m$-70-+$-1}=-8`o,-W-&{:-({;-&{+k ]m-3~#=-:m#-#,=-.-+$-k \w-P;-.k 3,-:m#-+},-#({:-%,- 0%=-;-:1-8+{#=-bo-Wv-9m,k ;-P{8m-!}:-#,=-3u;-1$-21-1={,-8+}+-M1=-<m=- www.latse.org ;-#7m#=- :}#=-#,$-k ]m-0<+-+$-W=-0<+k* ;-P{-9m=-+{$-:0=-0}+-<m-Ap$-:m1->m-9m#-3#=-#=}#-(:-A{+-Wv-+$-k +{$-:0=-0}+-<m-/v,-=v1-3~#=-.8m-:m#- #bo$-+$-+{8m-+.{-:m=-1$},-.:-%},-Wvv-0%=-+1m#=-80{,-`o-07v$-9}+k Cs$-#}8m-"}$=-,-#,=-.8m-0}+-1m- #2n#=-=v-07v$-%{k +1m#=-0=;->m-"}-,=-+{$-:0=-0}+-<m-:m#-#bo$-+$-\w-P;-'m-1-'m-06m,-`o-1$},-&{+-$-3~8m-'- 84~1=-<m-+.{-3~#=-8+m-0am#=-9}+k 8+m-,m-#,=-:m1-1}-08m-13,-(m+-:m#-.-+$-k &}=-;v#=k +{$-:0=- #},->m-;}-Wv=k !+-9m#-0%=-<m-1"=-.8m-;=-;-1v,-V{,-^:-+$-^}:-06m,-.8m-:m#-#bo$-&{-3,-#6,-.-+#-#m- "-!}$-W-0v-6m#-9m,k ;-P{-9m=-:m#-#bo$-&{-3,-#6,-.-+$-[,-`o-Q}#-;1-9m#-14~+-1(1-({;-1(1-]}+-+$-k ]m-3~#=-;-:m#-#bo$-;=-8]o;-'-1$-1(1-({;-A{+-.-0Wv+-,=-Wv-&-]}+-"}-+$-/,-3u,-0I{-:{=-<m-#}-!0=-W- &{:-8A{+-06m,-9}+k $-3~8m-60=-bo-bo-9v;-,m-'-1$-9m,-){k ]m-3~#=-%{$-#m-Am=-.-+$-k =m1-1m-3u,-&+-,=- W;-]m8m-%{$-#m-1"=-.-+$-6m0-8'v#-.k \w-P;-.k 0=1-R}-.-0%=-<m-0:-9m,k ;-P{-+.{-14~+-"$-,=-[-0}8m-:m#-#bo$-,m-6m0-8'v#-A-9v;-+$-9m#-14~+-0=#-A8m-=-0%+-#;-&{,-6m#-_p-$}=-84n,- A{+-<m-9}+k 0}+-<m-[-0}8m-:m#-#bo$-,m-Wv,-`o-1$},-3,-&u$-%{-({-&:-0:-`o-+{-;-+}-'$-&{,-.}-9}$-#m-1{+k ;-P{-9m=- +{$-:0=-0}+-<m-6m0-8'v#-;-+},-#({:-%,-1$-8/{;->m-3~+-+.#-#m=k +.{-3~#=-0{+-]}+-<m-"}-W-&{:-8A{+-.-+$-k :m#-#bo$-#m-;=-:m1-({;-0k :m#-#bo$-#m-#=v$-0<+-+$-0E}-Q{$-({;-0k +.{-14~+-"$-:$-`o-Wv+-;1-'- 3~#=-<m-9}-&=-+$-Q}#-;1-9m#-14~+-({:-au0-A=-,=k 6m0-8'v#-A-9v;-W-[{+-A{+-Wv8m-+-;-F$-8#,-6m#- 8"v:-9}+k +{-06m,-;-P{-9m=-0}+-<m-:m#-#bo$-;-#}-W-0[{+-&{+-1m-:m#=-#6,-.-%{k W-,# =}#-.}k >}:k 7- ;:k 1,-'vk 8Ks#-.-W-0v-=}#=-<m-:m#-#bo$-#m-9m#-:m#=-Wv-&-9$-#=}#-(:-A{+-06m,-9}+k ;-P{-+.{-14~+-"$-,=-9m-#{8m-+.{-3~#=-<m-":k a-+$-#7v#=-0J,-`o-/0-.8m-Wv-&-80}:-&{,-6m#-<$-]m-3~#=-<m -]}+-9v;-`o-80v;->m-9}+k 0}+-<m-:m#-#bo$-+{-9m-#{:-P}#-Wv-9}+-.-21-`o-1-7+k a-:v-(,-Wv-+$-#7v#=-=v-0W-Wv- 9}+-.-6m#-A{+-&{+k ;-P{-+.{-14~+-"$-#m=-a-+$-#7v#=-0J,-`o-/0-.8m-Wv-&-M1=-Cs$-#}-+$-W;-]m8m-"}$=-,=- %m-},-83~;-&q+-A{+-06m,-9}+k 0=#=-14~+-8+m=-+{$-:0=-<m-0}+-.-M1=-<m=-:$-#m-:m#-#bo$-+{-Q{#=-01->m- W-;=-E};-){-1m-}#-8+m-+$-1m-:0=-I{=-1-M1=-;-;{#=-[{=-%m-21-8'}#-v0-.:->o:-0-80v:-},->m=-0%,-9}+k ;-P{-,m-0}+-.-M1=-<m=-:$-#m-Wv,-8'#=-:m#-#bo$-07$-.}-+{8m-=+-9},-1$},-=-+$-k :$-#m-:m#-#bo$-;-1}=- 8`o,-1(1-:};-A{+-.k :$-#m-:m#-#bo$-+$-]m-3~#=-<m-N};-Wv,k @m8m-"}:-9v#-0%=-;-Wv=-;},-'{-;{#=-=v- #)}$-#,=-<m#-0%=-9m,k Cs$-#}-,-9}+-.8m-0}+-.-M1=-ao0-@}#=-W;-"0-+#-;-#7m#=-!}:-`o-/{0=-.-'{-1$-`o-8E}-06m,-.-+$-13u$=-=vk :$-#m-1$},-=v1->m-B}$-08m-}#-,=-@m-:};->m-8'm#-K{,-;-<{=-K}#=-A{+-.-+$-k :$-#m-<{=-9},-+$-(1=-B}$- 0%=-#6,-;-<{=-=v-8'v#-.8m-#}-!0=-'{-&{:-8E}-06m,-9}+k ;-P{-,=-@}#=-/{0=-1"=-.-M1=-;-W;-]m8m-%{$- #m-1"=-.-M1=-+$-[,-`o-+},-$m$-%,->m-Q{$-1};-Wv,-1v+-`o-9}$-0=-+$-k W;-]m8m-]m-3~#=-<m-3~#=-1m8m- E=-=v-1m$-21-1-9m,-.:-+$}=-bo#=-A{+-.-0%=-<m-0=-;1-$}-c}+-bo-Wv-9m,k Cs$-#}8m-,$-"}$=-=v-+.{-`u,- A=-.8m-W-9m#-+$-0}+-9m#-+.{-+{0-M1=-Cs$-#}8m-@m-;}#=-=v-<{=-K}#=-&u$-0-+$k +{-06m,-`o-Cs$-#}8m-@m-;}#=-=v -},-.8m-6m0-8'v#-#m-#,=-3u;-+#-+$-+{8m-Wv-&-M1=-Cs$-#}8m-,$-;}#=-=v-<{=-K}#=->-%$-&u$-0:-1$},k ;-P{- 9m=-6m0-8'v#-Wv-&-8+m-+#-0{+-]}+-<m-"}-W-&{:-8A{+-.8m-;=-8]o;-({;-0-+$-Q}#-;1->m-9m#-14~+-]}+-.8m-({:- 1"}8m-9}-&=-`u,-.-=}#=-0Wv+-,=-P}#-.-.}-W-&{:-8]o#-0=-A{+-+}k ;-P{-+.{-14~+-"$-,=-1"=-.-+$-k #=:-0)}+k U}0-#=}-0%=-<m-:$-06m,-X,-.8m-;=-+},-+$-k +{-06m,- &{+-;=-<m-A-06#-0%=-;-0Pm-1}$-+$-W0-[}:-A{+-#,=-<m#-`u,-.:-A{+k ;-P{-,m-0!#-W-%m-9$-1{+-.:-:m#- #bo$-#m-#,+-#$-;8$--8Hm-P+-A{+-=-6m#-+$-k 0=1-R}-8H-1m,-+$-k #=:-K}#=-8H-1m,k 06{+-;v#=-8H- 1m,-;-#7v:-#,=-<m-R}-9m=-K}#-+?}+-A{+-=-+$-+{-9$-1m-3$-1=-<{=-K}#=-A{+-=-6m#-9m,k $-3~8m-+.{-3~#=-<m=- :m#-.8m-&{-3,->m-=-131=-;=-0G;-){-0}+-<m-:m#-#bo$-#m-'-1$-:$-06m,-+$-+{-+#-/,-3u,-0:->m-8K{;-0-<{=- K}#=-({;-06m,-9}+k 1+}:-,k $-3~8m-+1m#=-9v;-,m-#:-;=-<$-0}+-<m-:m#-#bo$-;-<{=-K}#=-%,->m-]m-3~#=- <m#-%{k v,-1}$-1-9m,-.8m-0}+-<m-:m#-#bo$-#m-;{#=-[{=-<m=-Wv+-!q;-+$-={1=-%}0=-}0-.-+$-k +{-;-0K{,- ,=-841-Qm$-#m-/v,-=v1-3~#=-.8m-Wv,-8'#=-:m#-#,=-;-#}-0-#)m$-70-+$-]o=-1}$-%,->m-]m-3~#=-<m#-0`u,- &{+-9m,k 8+m:-9}+-+.{-3~#=-+$-;=-8&:k* 8+m-#8m-+1m#=-9v;-){k 0}+-<m-Wv,-8'#=-:m#-#bo$-+{-1}$-&}=-=v-9}+-.-6m#-_p-8>o:-U+k ;-P{-+.{-14~+- "$-,=-#)m$-70-3+-+$-W-&{-3+-#(m=-!-,=-+1m#=-0=;-%,->m-+.{-3~#=-<m#-#=}#-(:-A{+-06m,-9}+k $- 3~=-+1m#=-0!:->m=-9v;-"1=-<m#-#,+-`o-07v$-9}+-%0=k 9v;-"1=-+{8m-,$-#m-+.{-+!},-Km=-1-+$-k <m$- .:-1k `o=-+{0-+$-3#=-.:k 8H-.:k ]m,-<}# :m-1}k 831-8Jm,-d#-<}# =-Dk a-+$-#7v#=-0J,- `o-/0-.8m-Wv-&k :m#-.8m-P{+-&=k Q}#-P+-<m-1({,-&=k U}0-+{0-+$-Dm+-+{0-0%=-=0-&{-08m-6m0-8'v#-#m-Wv-&- M1=-P}#-.-.}-:m=-1{+-<m]}+-9v;-`o-80v;-06m,-9}+k $-3~8m-+.{-3~#=-8+m-#2~-0}-!+-9m#-#=v1-%{k 0}+-9m#-+$-k W-9m# +Am,-9m#-0%=-#=v1->m-%{$-,-9}+k +-`oo$-$-3~=-8K{;-9}+-<m-!+-9m#-#6,-.-%{k =}#-!+-+$-k >}: -!+k W-#:-!+k 8':-.,->m-!+k 9}-:}0-<m-!+-9m#-8H-1m,-0%=-<m-Wv-&-9$-Rt-8H{,-A{+-<m-9}+k +{-06m,- $-3~=-Cs$-#}:-},-.-#2~-0}:->o:-08m-+.{-+{0-#=:-},->mm-+!:-&#-8H-1m,-U}$-au0-A{+-06m,-9}+-.-+$-k [#- .:-`o-8+=-.8m-;}-$}-(m-co-[#-#m-:m$-;-Cs$-#}8m-"}$=-<m-+.{-`u,-"$-=}-=}=-+.{-`u,-A=-.8m-E$=-80}:-&{,-.}8m-+.{- +{0-M1=-$-3~=-(}-au0-A{+-v0-.:->o:k $-3~=-841-Qm$-%{$-`o-0}+-<m-:m#-#bo$-+$-8K{;-08m-9m#-:m#=-#=:- <}=-<m-+.{-3~#=-<m#-0&q-:v0-A{+-Wv-+1m#=-80{,-`o-07v$-9}+k ;-P{-+{$-:0=-0}+-<m-:m#-#bo$-+.{-14~+-"$-`o-+.{-+{0-<m-E$=- 10000 [#-+$-k `o=-+{0-+$-3#=-.:- 3:-E$=- 10000 21-9}+k 8+m:-0bo#=-+.{-+{0-<m-"}$=-=v-&{=-({-08m-&:-.:-`o-0`u,-.8m-0}+-<m-,$-&}=-+$- 8K{;-08m-:m-1}8m-<{=-14~+-&{,-1}-+.{:-,k 8'm#=-1{+-&}=-<m-L}-I{=-0am#=-.8m-0}+-Wv+-,$-0%,-[-3~#=-&{,-1}- =}#=-+$-k +.{-&8m-"}$=-=v-+-0:-W-,#-#m-@m-@}#=-=v-`o=-({-&:-0:-`o-}0-+!8-08m&{-<}=-:m,-.}-&{-A$-&u0- 0%,-.8m-a},-1{-8m-#=v$-80v1-W-0v-9}+k `o=-+{0-<m-"}$=-=v-6m0-8'v#-#m-`o=-+{0-0}+-V}$=-6m0-8'v#-+$-Cs$- #}8m-0}+-<m-<{=-:m#-=}#=-&-3$-0-9}+k +{-06m,-P}1-:m#-#m-"}$=-=v--[-=-,=-},-.8m-0}+-<m-P}1-:m#-\w-P;-+$-k +1$=-D}+-P}1-:m#-#m-"}$=-=v-13~-#},-7m-;m$-,=-},-.8m-13~-#},-1$-3~#=-\w-P;-&-3$-k 3#=-.:-;-13~,- ,k 1949 ;}-,=- 2000 ;}-0:->-mW-9m#-#m-13~-#},-(m,-:{8m-#=:-8>o:- (青海日报)&-3$-=}#=-9}+k 8+m-#-+.{-14~+-"$-`o-`o=-+{0-+$-3#=-.:-&-3$-0-+$-1m-3$-0-:m#=-1m-8H-0- 150 [#-0bo#=-9}+k +{8m- "}$=-,=-+1m#=-0!:->m=-+}-'$-A{+-8}=-.-6m#-,mk 1920 P-E$=-;}:-W-#:-!-;},-)t#-_p-:-@m,-)-)t- ;#=-<m=-8#}-84v#=-#,$-08m-9v;-@}#=-=}-=}8m-#=:-8>o:-1{-;}$-6{=-.-+{-9m,k 3#=-.:-+{-,m-Cs$-#}8m-#m- @m-;}#=-=v-+.:-`o-0`u,-.8m-0}+-9m#-#m-3#=-.:-}#-1-+{-9m,-6m$-k 3#=-.:-+{8m-,$-$,-E#=-%,->m-1"=- +0$-+#{-8`o,-&}=-8/{;-;#=-<m-V#=-P}1-"-<=-<$-},-9}+k 8+m:-0bo#=-+.{-+{0-<m-"}$=-=v-W-1m-:m#=-<m=-0}+-<m-!}:-;-Km=-.8m#=v$-P}1-9$-E$=-1$-9}+-+{k +.{:-,k 38}-!$-(曹刚)#m=-Km=-.8m-A$-$-#m-+]o,-`o=-(藏北的冬季)=}#=-9}+k #=v$-P}1-+{8m-,$-`o-0}+-<m-A$- 8K}#-M1=-<m-1m-3\|-[{;-%$=-+$-"}$-3~8m-9v;-#}1=-#<m=-;v#=-=}#=-0}+-.-1-9m,-.-6m#-#m-1}$-3u;-6m0-W=- =v-#=;-9}+-k +{-06m,-8+m-#-+.{-14~+-"$-`o-ao0-@}#=-=v-.:-`o-0)0-.8m-.:-{$=-+$-.}8m-+.{-+{0-+!},-E=- +$-k ;}-:0=-T-0%t-+$-Hs#-%t8m-,$-;-.:-`o-0`u,-%m$-+{$-=$-Rt-Wv-1{+-.8m-0}+-9m#-#m-+.{-+{0-E$=-1$-k #-0}8m-`o=-=v-ao0-@}#=-.8m-&}=-;v#=-({;-1",-+$-k W;-"1=-.k Nm+-+},-#({:-1",-M1=-<m=-0}+-`o- Km=-.8m-;1-9m#-+$-(m,-}-=}#=-9}+k 1911;}:-0P1=-.8m-&m,-W;-:0=-<m-+1#-+.},-6m#-#m-;1->m- B$=-*}8m-(艽野尘梦),$-`ok !0=-+{:-&m,-W;-:0=-<m-+0$-%}0=-<}:-08m-V{,->m=-[-=:-9}+-.8m&m,->m-+1#- 1m-E$=-